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1 American Institute of Chemists
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > American Institute of Chemists
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2 American Institute of Chemists
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > American Institute of Chemists
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3 American Institute of Chemists
Англо-русский словарь нефтегазовой промышленности > American Institute of Chemists
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4 American Institute of Chemists
Англо-русский словарь по экологии > American Institute of Chemists
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5 American Institute of Chemists
1) Техника: Институт химиков США2) Нефть: Американский институт химиков3) Экология: Американское общество химиковУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > American Institute of Chemists
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6 American Institute of Chemists
сокр. A. I. C.English-russian plastics terminology dictionary > American Institute of Chemists
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7 Fellow of the American Institute of Chemists
Общая лексика: член Американского института химиковУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > Fellow of the American Institute of Chemists
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8 Institute
╜ Institute of Gas Technology Institute of Geological Sciences Institute of Petroleum American Institute of Chemical Engineers American Institute of Chemists American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers American Geological Institute American National Standards Institute American Petroleum Institute Massachusetts Institute of Technology National Lubricating Grease Institute National Petroleum Institute Singapore Institute of Standards and Industrial ResearchInstitute: ~ of Bankers Институт банкиров (Великобритания)~ of Chartered Accountants Институт дипломированных бухгалтеров (Великобритания)Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > Institute
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9 institute
1. институт2. учреждение3. устав, кодекс4. учреждать, основыватьAmerican institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers — Американский институт горных инженеров и инженеров-металлургов
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- Institute of Geological Sciences
- Institute of Petroleum
- American Institute of Chemical Engineers
- American Institute of Chemists
- American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers
- American Geological Institute
- American National Standards Institute
- American Petroleum Institute
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- National Lubricating Grease Institute
- National Petroleum Institute
- Singapore Institute of Standards and Industrial Research* * *• кодекс• уставАнгло-русский словарь нефтегазовой промышленности > institute
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10 Американский институт химиков
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > Американский институт химиков
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11 AIC
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Art Institute Of Chicago, hum. сокр. Artificially Inseminated Children, American Institute of Cooperation2) Компьютерная техника: Advanced Interactivity Consortium4) Военный термин: Academic Instructor Course, Adjutant, Intelligence Corps, Afloat Intelligence Center, Air Intercept Control, Allied Intelligence Committee, Army Industrial College, Army Interoperability Center, Army intelligence center, Atlantic Command Intelligence Center, activity identification code, advanced intelligence center, air information center, air information codification, airborne information correlation, aircraft in commission, ammunition identification code5) Техника: Artificial Intelligence Consortium, action information centre, adaptive interference canceller, air interceptor, centimeter, attack information center6) Шутливое выражение: Alice In Chains7) Юридический термин: АИК, Австралийский институт криминологии8) Статистика: Akaike information criterion9) Страхование: Associate in Claims10) Сокращение: Account Identifier Code (charge numbers), Advanced Instrument Course, Aeronautical Information Circular, Air Intercept Communications, Aircraft Intercept Controller, Akaike Information Criteria (character recognition in Siemens OCR Adaptive Read system), American Investment Company, Art Institute of Chicago, Atlantic Intelligence Command, Automated Intelligence Correlation, Automatic Intercept Center, Administration of Industry and Commerce (Администрация промышленности и торговли в Китае), (agro-industrial complex) АПК (агропромышленный комплекс), AIXwindows Interface Composer11) Университет: Almost In College12) Вычислительная техника: AIXwindows Interface Composer (IBM), AIX windows Interface Composer (AIX, IBM), (SRI) Artificial Intelligence Center (SRI, AI)14) Транспорт: Air Ideal Control15) Воздухоплавание: Automatic Intersection Control16) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: amperes of interrupting capacity17) Образование: Anti India Crew18) Полимеры: American Institute of Chemists, automatic information center19) Химическое оружие: acceptable intake for chronic exposure, ampere interrupting capacity20) Электротехника: ampere interruption capacity21) Чат: An Irresistible Combination22) NYSE. Asset Investments Corporation of Delaware -
12 AIC
сокр.[American Institute of Chemists] Американский институт химиков* * * -
13 A.I.C.
1) Химия: American Institute of Chemists2) Сокращение: (agro-industrial complex) АПК (агропромышленный комплекс) -
14 FAIC
Сокращение: Fellow of the American Institute of Chemists -
15 AIC
1. action information centre - боевой информационный пост;2. adaptive interference canceller - адаптивный компенсатор помех;3. advanced intelligence center - передовой разведывательный центр;4. air interceptor, centimeter - бортовая радиолокационная станция перехвата сантиметрового диапазона;5. American Institute of Chemists - Институт химиков США;6. Artificial Intelligence Consortium - Консорциум по искусственному интеллекту;7. attack information center - боевой информационный пост;8. automatic information center - автоматический информационный центр -
16 A. I. C.
сокр. от American Institute of Chemists -
17 Carlson, Chester Floyd
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 8 July 1906 Seattle, Washington, USAd. 19 September 1968 New York, USA[br][br]Carlson studied physics at the California Institute of Technology and in 1930 he took a research position at Bell Telephone Laboratories, but soon transferred to their patent department. To equip himself in this field, Carlson studied law, and in 1934 he became a patent attorney at P.R.Mallory \& Co., makers of electrical apparatus. He was struck by the difficulty in obtaining copies of documents and drawings; indeed, while still at school, he had encountered printing problems in trying to produce a newsletter for amateur chemists. He began experimenting with various light-sensitive substances, and by 1937 he had conceived the basic principles of xerography ("dry writing"), using the property of certain substances of losing an electrostatic charge when light impinges on them. His work for Mallory brought him into contact with the Battelle Memorial Institute, the world's largest non-profit research organization; their subsidiary, set up to develop promising ideas, took up Carlson's invention. Carlson received his first US patent for the process in 1940, with two more in 1942, and he assigned to Battelle exclusive patent rights in return for a share of any future proceeds. It was at Battelle that selenium was substituted as the light-sensitive material.In 1946 the Haloid Company of Rochester, manufacturers of photographic materials and photocopying equipment, heard of the Xerox copier and, seeing it as a possible addition to their products, took out a licence to develop it commercially. The first Xerox Copier was tested during 1949 and put on the market the following year. The process soon began to displace older methods, such as Photostat, but its full impact on the public came in 1959 with the advent of the Xerox 914 Copier. It is fair to apply the overworked word "revolution" to the change in copying methods initiated by Carlson. He became a multimillionaire from his royalties and stock holding, and in his last years he was able to indulge in philanthropic activities.[br]Further ReadingObituary, 1968, New York Times, 20 September.R.M.Schaffert, 1954, "Developments in xerography", Penrose Annual.J.Jewkes, 1969, The Sources of Invention, 2nd edn, London: Macmillan, pp. 405–8.LRD -
18 Haber, Fritz
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 9 December 1868 Breslau, Germany (now Wroclaw, Poland)d. 29 January 1934 Basel, Switzerland[br]German chemist, inventor of the process for the synthesis of ammonia.[br]Haber's father was a manufacturer of dyestuffs, so he studied organic chemistry at Berlin and Heidelberg universities to equip him to enter his father's firm. But his interest turned to physical chemistry and remained there throughout his life. He became Assistant at the Technische Hochschule in Karlsruhe in 1894; his first work there was on pyrolysis and electrochemistry, and he published his Grundrisse der technischen Electrochemie in 1898. Haber became famous for thorough and illuminating theoretical studies in areas of growing practical importance. He rose through the academic ranks and was appointed a full professor in 1906. In 1912 he was also appointed Director of the Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry at Dahlem, outside Berlin.Early in the twentieth century Haber invented a process for the synthesis of ammonia. The English chemist and physicist Sir William Crookes (1832–1919) had warned of the danger of mass hunger because the deposits of Chilean nitrate were becoming exhausted and nitrogenous fertilizers would not suffice for the world's growing population. A solution lay in the use of the nitrogen in the air, and the efforts of chemists centred on ways of converting it to usable nitrate. Haber was aware of contemporary work on the fixation of nitrogen by the cyanamide and arc processes, but in 1904 he turned to the study of ammonia formation from its elements, nitrogen and hydrogen. During 1907–9 Haber found that the yield of ammonia reached an industrially viable level if the reaction took place under a pressure of 150–200 atmospheres and a temperature of 600°C (1,112° F) in the presence of a suitable catalyst—first osmium, later uranium. He devised an apparatus in which a mixture of the gases was pumped through a converter, in which the ammonia formed was withdrawn while the unchanged gases were recirculated. By 1913, Haber's collaborator, Carl Bosch had succeeded in raising this laboratory process to the industrial scale. It was the first successful high-pressure industrial chemical process, and solved the nitrogen problem. The outbreak of the First World War directed the work of the institute in Dahlem to military purposes, and Haber was placed in charge of chemical warfare. In this capacity, he developed poisonous gases as well as the means of defence against them, such as gas masks. The synthetic-ammonia process was diverted to produce nitric acid for explosives. The great benefits and achievement of the Haber-Bosch process were recognized by the award in 1919 of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, but on account of Haber's association with chemical warfare, British, French and American scientists denounced the award; this only added to the sense of bitterness he already felt at his country's defeat in the war. He concentrated on the theoretical studies for which he was renowned, in particular on pyrolysis and autoxidation, and both the Karlsruhe and the Dahlem laboratories became international centres for discussion and research in physical chemistry.With the Nazi takeover in 1933, Haber found that, as a Jew, he was relegated to second-class status. He did not see why he should appoint staff on account of their grandmothers instead of their ability, so he resigned his posts and went into exile. For some months he accepted hospitality in Cambridge, but he was on his way to a new post in what is now Israel when he died suddenly in Basel, Switzerland.[br]Bibliography1898, Grundrisse der technischen Electrochemie.1927, Aus Leben und Beruf.Further ReadingJ.E.Coates, 1939, "The Haber Memorial Lecture", Journal of the Chemical Society: 1,642–72.M.Goran, 1967, The Story of Fritz Haber, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press (includes a complete list of Haber's works).LRD
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